Part 1: Foundation and Early Byzantine Period

1. Who was the first Byzantine Emperor?
a) Constantine I
b) Justinian I
c) Theodosius I
d) Heraclius
Answer: a) Constantine I

2. What city served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
a) Rome
b) Athens
c) Constantinople
d) Alexandria
Answer: c) Constantinople

3. The Byzantine Empire is also known as the ______ Empire.
a) Eastern Roman
b) Western Roman
c) Ottoman
d) Persian
Answer: a) Eastern Roman

4. Which emperor is credited with codifying Roman law into what is now called the “Justinian Code”?
a) Justinian I
b) Constantine I
c) Heraclius
d) Theodosius II
Answer: a) Justinian I

5. Which famous church was built under the reign of Justinian I?
a) St. Peter’s Basilica
b) Hagia Sophia
c) Notre Dame
d) St. Basil’s Cathedral
Answer: b) Hagia Sophia

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Part 2: Religious and Cultural Aspects

6. The Byzantine Empire followed which branch of Christianity?
a) Roman Catholicism
b) Eastern Orthodox Christianity
c) Protestantism
d) Coptic Christianity
Answer: b) Eastern Orthodox Christianity

7. What was the main language of the Byzantine Empire after the 7th century?
a) Latin
b) Greek
c) Arabic
d) Persian
Answer: b) Greek

8. What major religious schism occurred in 1054 CE, dividing Christianity into two branches?
a) The Reformation
b) The Great Schism
c) The Iconoclast Controversy
d) The Crusades
Answer: b) The Great Schism

9. What were icons in the context of Byzantine Christianity?
a) Religious texts
b) Religious paintings or images
c) Statues of gods
d) Decorative mosaics
Answer: b) Religious paintings or images

10. The Iconoclast Controversy centered on the: a) Use of relics
b) Veneration of icons
c) Translation of the Bible
d) Appointment of bishops
Answer: b) Veneration of icons

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Part 3: Military and Political History

11. Which emperor reformed the Byzantine military and introduced the “theme system”?
a) Heraclius
b) Justinian I
c) Constantine VII
d) Leo III
Answer: a) Heraclius

12. The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of which ancient empire?
a) Greek
b) Roman
c) Persian
d) Macedonian
Answer: b) Roman

13. Who defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071?
a) The Crusaders
b) The Seljuk Turks
c) The Abbasid Caliphate
d) The Mongols
Answer: b) The Seljuk Turks

14. The Byzantine navy was known for using which incendiary weapon?
a) Gunpowder
b) Greek fire
c) Catapults
d) Crossbows
Answer: b) Greek fire

15. Which city was the main rival of Constantinople in the Mediterranean trade during the later Byzantine period?
a) Venice
b) Genoa
c) Alexandria
d) Cairo
Answer: a) Venice

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Part 4: Decline and Fall

16. Which empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire?
a) Ottoman Empire
b) Holy Roman Empire
c) Persian Empire
d) Mongol Empire
Answer: a) Ottoman Empire

17. Who was the last Byzantine Emperor?
a) Justinian II
b) Constantine XI Palaiologos
c) Basil II
d) Alexios I Komnenos
Answer: b) Constantine XI Palaiologos

18. What was the primary reason for the Byzantine Empire’s decline?
a) Internal conflicts
b) External invasions
c) Economic difficulties
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

19. The Fourth Crusade in 1204 resulted in the: a) Strengthening of Byzantium
b) Sacking of Constantinople
c) Unification of Christian factions
d) Victory against the Muslims
Answer: b) Sacking of Constantinople

20. Which architectural feature was characteristic of Byzantine churches?
a) Domes
b) Bell towers
c) Flying buttresses
d) Pyramidal roofs
Answer: a) Domes

Remaining Key Topics

21. What was the official religion of the Byzantine Empire?
Answer: Christianity

22. The famous Byzantine mosaic art can be found in which city?
Answer: Ravenna

23. Which general helped Justinian reconquer large parts of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Belisarius

24. Which emperor was nicknamed the “Bulgar Slayer”?
Answer: Basil II

25. Which river marked the eastern boundary of the Byzantine Empire at its height?
Answer: Euphrates River

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